City-by-City Micro Breakdown
| City | Avg. Net Rental Yield | Top Personal Income Tax | Key Expat Risk / Limitation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lisbon, Portugal | 3.5% – 4.2% | Up to 48% | Classic NHR ended; high property transfer tax (IMT) |
| Berlin, Germany | 2.8% – 3.5% | Up to 45% (+ Solidarity) | Strict rent control caps (Mietpreisbremse) & high energy mandates |
| Paris, France | 2.5% – 3.2% | Up to 45% (+ Wealth Tax) | Heavy tenant protection laws & real estate wealth tax (IFI) |
| Dubai, UAE | 6.5% – 10.0%+ | 0% | Zero rent controls, zero income/wealth tax, 10-Yr Golden Visa |